In J. M., Setchell, D. J., Curtis (Eds.). (2001). In many parts of the world, primates are hunted and eaten for food or destroyed as pests, so conservationists may need to work with people to find other sources of food or alternative ways to keep primates out of crops. (2014). One could imagine providing photos to each person captured by cameras quickly becoming unmanageable. Focal animal follows provide a wealth of data and information, as they document all behaviors of interest and primates’ use of various resources (Altmann 1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. In some cases, rehabilitation centers for injured or sick primates may also treat primates and then return them to the wild. International Journal of Primatology, 35. doi:10.1007/s10764-014-9782-4. Malone, N. M., Fuentes, A., & White, F. J. Primate Conservation, 24, 1–57. 2011), and natural licks (Lhota et al. To prevent or discourage theft, they can be attached to trees or other substrates with security cables. PRIMATE CONSERVATION | We are a group of researchers, students, and alumni interested in primate conservation and that are linked to the MSc in Primate Conservation … Ideally, biased camera trap data should be corrected or offset by using an occupancy framework (Gerber et al. (Photo by Paula Pebsworth.). Albany: State University of New York Press. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Camera-trapping forest-woodland wildlife of western Uganda reveals how gregariousness biases estimates of relative abundance and distribution. One of the first camera trap applications for recording behavior was geophagy, i.e., the deliberate consumption of earth materials (Fig. Conservation-motivated translocations are also designed and conducted to maintain wellbeing, but there are inherent risks in moving nonhuman primates to … 2012), or randomly (Nakashima et al. Kirk, E. C., & Kay, R. F. (2004). 1997). If captive-raised primates have a healthy environment to be released into, this type of primate conservation may be able to restore some wild primate populations. 2013). Oryx, 46, 593–597. Pebsworth, P.A., LaFleur, M. Advancing Primate Research and Conservation Through the Use of Camera Traps: Introduction to the Special Issue. American Journal of Primatology, 75, 1129–1138. (2013), Olson et al. Jack, K. M., Lenz, B. Camera trap studies have shown that activity patterns vary more than traditional views, in such species as ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta: LaFleur et al. Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and anthropogenic disturbances that accompany these processes (e.g. (Photo from San Diego Zoo Global/University of Turin/GERP.) American Journal of Primatology, 72, 749–753. 2013; Galvis et al. 2012). primate evolution, behavior, ecology, and biology that can be used to advance primate conservation.2–5 Here, we focus on field research on primates to better understand how the portfolio of published research might bias, inform, and even directly impact primate conservation … Traina, A. We do this via conservation action planning, a process that includes information gathering, planning, implementing and measuring the success for each conservation project. Most camera traps are digital and require secure digital memory cards. Article. Encourage use of traditional hunting methods rather than using guns 36 5.4. We encourage primate researchers to test and acknowledge these limitations and to use corrective and complementary techniques when they are warranted. (Photos taken at Wildcliff Nature Reserve, South Africa by Paula Pebsworth and Tsimamampetsotse National Park, Madagascar by Marni LaFleur.). It is important to consider measures that are appropriate for primates neighboring protected areas and those where the primates are found outside protected areas on private or state land. In addition to flash type, researchers studying nocturnal primates may want to consider whether the camera automatically adjusts flash intensity based on the distance to the primate. Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, 78666, USA, Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Institute for Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1220, Vienna, Austria, You can also search for this author in In this special issue editorial, we review a variety of camera trap applications that have been used in primatology: surveying rare species, assessing primate populations, and recording behavior. (a) Diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) at a geophagy site in the Maromizaha Forest, Madagascar. You’ll learn about the best ways to collect and analyse data for different kinds of research or investigation that are suitable for your final project. Camera trap observations of nonhabituated critically endangered wild blonde capuchins, Sapajus flavius (formerly Cebus flavius). Folia Primatologica, 72, 188. Discovery of Miller’s grizzled langur (Presbytis hosei canicrus) in Wehea forest confirms the continued existence and extends known geographical range of an endangered primate. There are no simple answers to these complex issues, but we hope to initiate a discussion on some of the ethical conundrums primatologists may face when using camera traps and encourage forethought related to the conflicts that may arise when using camera traps in primate research. American Journal of Primatology, 74, 48–57. 2010), but the use of camera traps has not been addressed directly. 2014; Pickles et al. Primatologists are concerned with the survival of their research taxa (Setchell 2013). 2012), in convenient areas such as on trails (Farris et al. Farris.). Along these lines, and similar to some of the concerns of sociocultural anthropologists, we also need to consider data storage policies and decide who will have access to these images. LaFleur, M., Sauther, M., Cuozzo, F., Yamashita, N., Youssouf, I. 2011). Camera trap research on habitat use patterns by sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas reflect the species’ dietary preferences, in that chimpanzees are frugivorous and prefer montane forests and gorillas are folivores and are distributed across habitat types (Nakashima et al. 2013). In addition, we thank our co-guest editor, Chia Tan, and Keith Riggle for their support, suggestions, and reviews of earlier versions of the manuscript. PubMed Central  Sensitivity can be adjusted on most cameras. Camera traps can also be used to assess other forms of behavioral plasticity. In B. Behaviour, 227–267. Camera traps can be placed strategically or systematically. Methods in Primate Behavior and Conservation Dates: July 15 – July 29, 2016 Application deadline: June 1, 2016 Program fee: $2300 Location: Osa Conservation, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica Contac… Source: METHODS IN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR AND CONSERVATION (Photo by Marni LaFleur.) des primates. Mackinnon, K. C., & Riley, E. P. (2010). Biodiversity Conservation, 21, 3079–3094. A., Hurtado, J., & Lizcano, D. (2013). (2012). Natural resource, e.g., water, land, plants, management decisions are heavily influenced by the abundance and distribution of rare species (Thompson 2004). 2013). Williamson, E. A , & Feistner, A. Head, J. S., Robbins, M. M., Mundry, R., Makaga, L., & Boesch, C. (2012). The more camera traps used, the more quickly the accumulation curve will level off. Alternatively, it may be more suitable to provide information, rather than actual photographs, to local people with reference to the location of cameras and goals of research. 2013). The Malayan Nature Journal, 50, 183–193. With so many primates in danger of extinction, primate conservation is a critical part of protecting the biodiversity of the planet. In T. R. Turner (Ed. 2011). Most cameras employ a passive infrared sensor that activates at some time after it detects a difference in heat motion between the fore- and background temperature. PLoS One, 8(9), e73707. The author is also focussing on their specific needs in captivity and a dedicated veterinarian approach. Although three chapters are dedicated to conservation methods, consideration of conservation status and threats to primate populations are considered throughout this volume where appropriate. CAS  (2012). Monitoring frugivory of mammals in a tropical rain-forest. Primates are among the most threatened taxa, with almost half of the world’s primate species in danger of extinction from habitat destruction, illegal wildlife trade, and commercial bushmeat hunting (Mittermeier et al. Washington, DC: Island Press. Conservation programs may also include centers that can treat injured primates as well as breeding programs to help increase the populations of various primate species. Primate studies have capitalized on camera traps’ ability to monitor fixed locations where a specific behavior or resource use occurs, as well as interactions among and between species, as addressed in more detail next. Other primate resources, such as foods, can also be monitored using camera traps. 1997), and of primates dropping or knocking off fruits that terrestrial animals then eat (Prasad et al. Boyer-Ontl, K., & Pruetz, J. These are safe for use in extreme temperatures and are automatically chosen as the main power source for the cameras, although we recommend internal batteries as backup to solar power. The Conservation Evidence project in collaboration with the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group is planning a study to identify robust and pragmatic methods to prioritize and test important primate conservation actions that currently lack evidence. This elusive species has rarely been viewed directly, and researchers and conservation organizations discourage habituation because of potential hunting pressures. Neotropical Primates, 12, 56–59. In these instances, permission from the researcher’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) or similar for human subjects is likely to be necessary. A., & Romo, D. (2010). Animals ranging from Galago to the Gorilla have been selected to serve … Provide medicine to local communities to control killing of primates for medicinal purposes.....37 5.6. Pebsworth, P. A., Bardi, M., & Huffman, M. A. International Journal of Primatology, 35. doi:10.1007/s10764-014-9783-3. Animal Conservation, 7, 251–256. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Seteia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds. (Photos taken at the Tsimanampetsotse National Park, Madagascar by Marni LaFleur.). However, following animals in this way requires habituation, which is not always feasible or advisable (Jack et al. Article. (2012). International Journal of Primatology, 34(4), 647–661. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 754–771. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 59, 311–318. (2014). Prasad, S., Pittet, A., & Sukumar, R. (2010). Here, we discuss the use of camera traps in primatology to survey rare species, assess populations, and record behavior. (a) Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) nighttime activity at the Tsimanampetsotse National Park, Madagascar. 2010; Miura et al. At the XXIVth International Primatological Congress in Cancun, Mexico, a symposium entitled “Advancing Primate Research and Conservation through the Use of Camera Traps” brought primatologists together to discuss how camera trapping facilitates the study, management, and conservation of nonhuman primates. Galvis, N., Link, A., & Di Fiore, A. Primates, 48(4), 316–319. Field primatologists face a complex array of issues related to primate subjects, which often stem from the competing need for resources by wild primates and humans, and/or the management of habitat by local governments or officials (Wolfe 2005). 1). American Journal of Primatology, 72, 779–784. Assessment of landscape scaledistribution of sympatric great apes in African rainforests: Concurrent use of nest and camera trap surveys. 2014; Head et al. CAS  2012). (2011). ), Anthropoid origins: New visions (pp. In some instances, providing photographic documentation to local authorities on illegal harvesting of forest resources, hunting, or capturing animals could aid forest protection and prosecution of wrongdoers. 2014; Pebsworth et al. 2009). Camera traps are expensive and may be difficult to replace once in the field. La conservation des habitats ne tient pas seulement compte de l'apparence physique d'un habitat ; elle répond aux besoins des personnes comme des animaux. Biota Neotropica, 11, 237–251. Giving the forest eyes: The benefits of using camera traps to study unhabituated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in southeastern Senegal. (2013). This is likely because the hawks have large wingspans and cannot attack between branches (LaFleur unpubl. 2014; Boyer-Ontl and Pruetz 2014; Butynski 2001; Williamson and Feistner 2003, 2011). Larger card sizes, e.g., 4–32 GB, allow for longer deployment time, a large number of photographs, or video recording. S5). (1974). Finally, we address some of the ethical concerns that may arise when using camera traps in primate research, such as recording illegal activity and (potentially) protecting human anonymity. Feeding ecology of hoolock gibbons in Bangladesh. Part of Springer Nature. In order to protect these animals, conservationists gather data about them and determine ways to protect them and the environments they are found in. 2014), establish habitat requirements (Head et al. Unexpected nocturnal activity in “diurnal” Lemur catta supports cathemerality as one of the key adaptations of the lemurid radiation. (2004). Activity patterns of carnivores in the rain forests of Madagascar: Implications for species coexistence. Terrestriality in the bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and implications for their ecology and conservation. Camera traps are proving to be useful tools for studying a variety of primate species, in diverse and often difficult habitats. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols.....37 5.7. 5) and understanding how primates react to their presence. International Journal of Primatology Comment nous aider. Methods to establish canopy bridges to increase natural connectivity in linear infrastructure development. 2014; Kierulff et al. Relevant modules might include those in primate behaviour, ecology and conservation. Stevens, K., Dehgan, A., Karlstetter, M., Rawan, F., Tawhid, M. I., Ostrowski, S., Ali, J. M., & Ali, R. (2011). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. The effects of observer presence on the behavior of Cebus capucinus in Costa Rica. 2012; Numata et al. (Ed.). Methods in Primate Behavior and Conservation Dates: Winter Session: December 28 –January 12, 2019; Summer Session: July 3 – July 18, 2019 Program Fee: $2600 Application deadline: Winter Session: December 1, 2018; Summer Session: June 1, 2019 Course Description This course is designed to provide students with field experience in primate behavior, ecology, and conservation. Effective conservation and management of primates depend on our ability to accurately assess and monitor populations through research. To optimize the likelihood of capturing the focal subject, researchers have used lures (Bezerra et al. Slender loris taxonomy and conservation, Sri Lanka. Should we adopt similar policies? (b) An aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) at the Farankarina protected area near Masoala National Park, Madagascar. Loken, B., Spehar, S. & Rayadin, Y. volume 35, pages825–840(2014)Cite this article. The number of primates on the brink of extinction continues to grow, and the need to respond with effective conservation measures has never been greater. Lek et al. logging, increased hunting pressure) are of major concern to the conservation of endangered species due to their role in population declines (Peres, 2001; Fahrig, 2003).Currently, numerous species from all vertebrate groups are threatened with extinction (). Further, as human activity continues to alter primate habitat and behavior, we suggest camera traps can monitor primate populations that should not be habituated or whose behavior would be greatly altered by human presence. Camera trap studies such as these are sure to advance research and conservation of primate species. 2010; Wegge et al. This species of orangutan is native to Borneo, where habitat destruction and fragmentation have altered primate habitat (van Schaik et al. PubMed  2014), and/or combining camera trap surveys with complementary methods. Field primatology of today: Current ethical issues. Conservation des singes | Pourquoi et comment préserver les primates? (2013). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. We also … International Journal of Primatology, 35. doi:10.1007/s10764-014-9786-0. Primate Diversity and Conservation: Theory, Methods and Practice (20 credits) You’ll review the variety of primate species, together with their distribution, ecology and conservation status. 2). In species inventory studies, an accumulation curve can be used to assess if the duration of sampling has sufficiently captured species present (Tobler et al. Easton, J., Chao, N., Mulindahabi, F., Ntare, N., Rugyerinyange, L., & Ndikubwimana, I. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28, 571–583. Nighttime color photographs can be critical for conducting a faunal inventory and studies requiring individual recognition, but white flash may frighten target subjects and alter detection probabilities. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9802-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9802-4, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Wikibuy Review: A Free Tool That Saves You Time and Money, 15 Creative Ways to Save Money That Actually Work. Google Scholar. Cameras with a short trigger delay (<1 s) are ideal for capturing relatively fast-moving, small, or solitary primates, whereas a longer trigger delay (>1 s) may be better for slow-moving, large, or group-living primates. Many primates have been translocated for welfare purposes: to avoid their certain death or to improve their wellbeing. Marni LaFleur. Camera traps are proving to be useful tools for studying a variety of primate species, in diverse and often difficult habitats. Payments for ecosystem services have the potential to conserve primate habitat by paying landowners for the preservation or enhancement of ecosystem processes, such as carbon storage, water provision, … Google Scholar. In fact, to our knowledge, ethical concerns of camera trapping have not been addressed in the wildlife literature. Nakashima, Y., Iwata, Y., Ando, C., Nze Nkoguee, C., Inoue, E., Akomo, E. F. O., & Yamagiwa, J. Aucun contenu de page d'accueil n'a été créé pour l'instant. Animals ranging from Galago to the Gorilla have been selected to … American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 150(1), 99–106. Cameras can also be housed in external metal security boxes, which have the extra protection of being tamper-proof and can also be locked and securely attached. However, if photographs of people are merely a “by-product” of data collection, what should we do with these unintended data, and should we still seek IRB approval? , Setchell, D. 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