Thorne PJ, Wiseman J, Cole DJA, Machin D. Effects of level of inclusion of copra meal in balanced diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids on growth and fat deposition and composition in growing pigs fed ad libitum at a constant temperature of 25°C. Finishing pigs have greater tolerance for palm kernel meal than nursery pigs [28]. [3] demonstrated that copra meal can be used by up to 50 % in growing-finishing diets if diets are supplemented with synthetic AA or proteins with higher quality. Schell TC, Lindemann MD, Kornegay ET, Blodgett DJ. Nutrient composition of corn and soybean meal. The main oilseed crops include soybean, rapeseed/canola, sunflower, palm kernel, copra, linseed peanut and sesame seed. The nutritive value of palm kernel meal measured in vivo and using rumen fluid and enzymatic techniques. 2015;93:3441–8. 1986;18:243–7. As the coconut matures, the growth of the shell cavity is almost complete before the endosperm (kernel) enters the rapid growth stage, which begins after eight months and lasts for about three months thereafter. Gohl B. Anim Feed Sci Technol. O’Mara FP, Muligan FJ, Cronin EJ, Rath M, Caffrey PJ. The residual oil in copra meal and copra expellers contains 50 to 70 % medium-chain, saturated fatty acids (lauric acid and myristic acid), which can lead to firmer carcass fat when high levels of copra meal are used in the diet [3, 4]. Washington, DC: Natl Acad Press; 2012. Gonzalez-Vega JC, Kim BG, Htoo JK, Lemme A, Stein HH. Google ScholarÂ. However, there is no standard criterion for classifying the copra byproducts into CM and CE. <>/ExtGState<>/ColorSpace<>>> Stein, H.H., Casas, G.A., Abelilla, J.J. et al. Article  Springer Nature. Palm kernel expellers have a residual oil concentration of 6 to 8 %, whereas solvent-extracted meals contain 1 to 2 % residual oil (Table 1; [26, 27]). However, between 60 and 75 % of total P is bound to phytate and the STTD of P in palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers is, therefore, between 35 and 50 % (Table 2; [10, 12, 13]). Some copra is direct dried abov a fire and has a burent aroma. Babatunde GM, Fetuga BL, Odumosu O, Oyenuga VA. Palm kernel meal as the major protein concentrate in the diets of pigs in the tropics. Premium quality copra meal can also contain 20–22% crude protein, and <20ppb aflatoxin. J Sci Food Agric. Engineering aspects of cereals and cereal based products. J Anim Sci. Copra and palm kernel ingredients contain 0.5 to 0.6 % P. Most of the P in palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers is bound to phytate, but in copra products less than one third of the P is bound to phytate. PubMed Google Scholar. J Anim Sci. For example, copra meal with a nitrogen content of approximately 3.36% has a crude protein content of approximately 21% (i.e. Digestibility and effect of copra cake on rate of gain, feed efficiency and protein retention of fattening pigs. Nutrient Specifications. In diets fed to weanling pigs from 2 wk post-weaning, performance was linearly reduced if copra meal was included in the diet and pigs fed diets containing 15 % copra meal gained approximately 1 kg less over a 3-wk period than pigs fed a control diet without copra meal [7]. Owusu-Domfeh K, Christensen DA, Owen BD. Water binding capacity is an estimate of the amount of water that a fiber can absorb and hold after an external force has been applied to it via centrifugation. Verrey F, Closs EI, Wagner CA, Palacin M, Endou H, Kanai Y. In experiments with weanling pigs, it was observed that if diets are formulated to contain similar concentrations of digestible AA and ME, feed conversion rates may be maintained if up to 15 % palm kernel meal or palm kernel expellers are included in the diets [7]. However, inclusion of 10 % rice bran in diets fed to weanling pigs improved feed conversion rate by almost 10 % because of increased colonic concentrations of bifidobacteria [53]. 2001;14:821–30. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and play an important role in muscle development, hoof growth and coat condition as well as immune system, nervous system and hormonal function. Thorne PJ, Wiseman J, Cole DJA, Machin DH. Terms and Conditions, The concentration of crude protein is 15 to 18 % in rice bran and the protein has a high biological value and most amino acids are well digested by pigs. Trop Agric. Its crude protein content is 20-25% DM with relatively high quantities of cell wall constituents (NDF more than 50% DM, ADF about 30% DM). © 2020 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. 11 0 obj endobj 4th ed. The concentration of crude fiber in palm kernel meal ranges between 7 and 20 % [28], depending on the amount of shells and fruit removed from the palm kernel. O’Doherty JV, McKeon MP. Copra meal is produced by expeller extracting or solvent extracting the oil from dried coconut kernels. In finishing diets, inclusion of 20 % full fat rice bran improved performance compared with pigs fed defatted rice bran [57], and it has been suggested that the maximum inclusion rate of defatted rice bran in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs is 20 % [58]. However, because of the high concentration of lipase in rice bran, the fat may quickly peroxidize and become rancid [45, 48]. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 12. h��A@@�}O�/�ZF;�K�R,@D,�?1y���� �r��]3T��x7ZpQ=̊���L���YZ���*c �zR=������ �u{ Copra meal is a by-product of coconut milk extraction, contained 4.60 ± 0.01 g/100 g DM and 62.19 ± 0.53% of protein and fiber, respectively. As a consequence, the supply of digestible P from palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers is similar to that of soybean meal if microbial phytase is added to the diet [13]. However, if microbial phytase is included in the diets, the STTD of P will increase [13]. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Article  Copra meal and copra expellers may be included in diets fed to growing and finishing pigs by up to 30 % without affecting growth performance [22], but negative effects of increasing levels of copra meal in the diet have been reported [4, 14, 23]. 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