4. The bulk gas temperatures in thecylinder are substantially higher than the dew point temperature of aqueous sulphuric acid. Coatings in gas turbine serve a variety of purposes, whether in jet engines, land-based power generation turbines or marine engines. To perform sweep test (done in MAN engines with high sulphur content fuel by supplying cylinder oil at different feed rate for a period of 24 hrs to check the effect) to find out acceptable ACC factor for a particular cylinder oil which corresponds to minimum corrosive wear. The liner will expand more and is free to expand diametrically and lengthwise. Sodium and Vanadium compounds are formed at high temperature which plays crucial role in hot corrosion. Cold Corrosion in Marine Two Stroke Engines, 2017-11 (1st edition) Page 2 . EGR_ Exhaust Gas Recirculation 2. Coatings for turbine blades possess some attractive properties like oxidation and hot corrosion resistance, maintain their strength, cohesion and etc. Marine engines: moderate: severe: light: moderate: Comparison of problems for gas turbine applications, after F.S. MARINE CHEMICALS; CRUISE; OFFSHORE; EQUIPMENT & TEST KITS; ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCTS; IMO APPROVED PRODUCTS ; ALL PRODUCTS; Cleaning services. 1.0 – 3.0 (approx cyl oil TBN 70 mgKOH/g) Adoption of slow steaming operation has also lead to an extremely cold corrosive situation in the engine. If the ratio of Va:Na is 3:1, the resulting complex melting point is at it’s lowest, which is about 350 – 450 deg C, and there is an increased likelihood of deposit formation. **Learn To Do Troubleshooting And Maintenance Of Marine Electrical Systems**        Click Here To Know How, By Anish | In: Marine Technology | Last Updated on October 22, 2020. High-temperature corrosion is a mechanism of corrosion that can take place in gas turbines, diesel engines, furnaces or other machinery coming in contact with hot gas containing certain contaminants. Depends on the engine design and metal strength, the manufacturer always specify limits or rang of the exhaust gas temperature outlet. Sulphidation/Type 1 corrosion depends on the presence of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) on the blade surface. In it’s simplest form is really a pretty basic phenomenon; Simply put, marine corrosion is an electrochemical reaction that happens when electrons flow between metals that are connected or grounded through water. This has a high pH and will passivate (stop further corrosion) the iron. The new global cap of 0.50% m/m will apply on and after 1 January 2020 or 1 January 2025, depending on the outcome of MEPC review. 1: Cold corrosion in upper part of cylinder liner Such an early sign of cold corrosion has called for immediate action of design changes to counteract any further development towards high corrosive liner wear values. 11.5 High-BN Lubricants..... 32 12 Recent History ..... 32 13 References ..... 33 14 Index of figures, charts and tables..... 33. This is because of the corrosion which would be caused in the cooling water spaces, and the salts which would be deposited … Engines of Older ships are often modified to run at low load operation. Use of latest technology and equipment such as. Fused salt corrosion: At high temperature, Na and Va form corrosive fluxes, attacking and corroding exhaust valves, turbocharger nozzles and blades. At higher temperature (>600 deg C), ash deposits can accelerate corrosion of metals and fouling of gas passages. But there is a limit to the diesel engine exhaust gas temperature, and it should not exceed the manufacturer's stated values. The effect of the hot dipped aluminum coating on weight loss for low temperature alkaline and high temperature acidic corrosion is shown in Figure 10 and 9 [1515]. Sulphur is another element which is a naturally found in crude oil. Marine archeologists typically use a 5 percent sodium carbonate solution (soda ash). This, in turn, combines with SO2 forming sodium sulphate. These liquid melted salts are strongly corrosive for … If the ratio of Va:Na is 3:1, the resulting complex melting point is at it’s lowest, which is about 350 – 450 deg C, and there is an increased likelihood of deposit formation. • Fuel additives like ash modifiers can be used which can modify and increase the melting point temperature of Na and Va complex formed when the ash is not in a molten form and not corrosive The ultra low slow steaming engines operate at up to 10% of its full load, which again results in low temperatures in the combustion chamber. High temperature operation under high engine load reduces the resistance of valve materials against hot corrosion and reduces their life-expectancy. The liner will expand more and is free to expand diametrically and lengthwise. I wonder if you could name/list some literature material with further information about the topic explained in your article, specially sulphur and vanadium presence in fuel oil and their corrosive efffects. Both laboratory and experimental based research studies have concluded that corrosion initiates rapidly within hours of immersion in seawater. Fuel sometimes contains vanadium compounds or sulfates which can form compounds during combustion having a low melting point. Check any wear at the side walls of the crown and on ring grooves. Fig. below 890 deg. Service Life & Engine Issues. Takes place in high temperature condition; Bearing alloy is attacked by acid (condensation of SO2) from high sulphur content fuel. 5. The water temperature, DO, salinity, water velocity, pH and biological activity are found to be the most influencing factors in corrosion of marine steel structures. The nature of the environment in the engine and the factors which influence this are indicated. 4 types of anti-fouling system used on ships. These liquid melted salts are strongly corrosive for stainless steel and other alloys normally inert against the corrosion and high temperatures. The availability of abundant oxygen in the combustion chamber during the burning of fuel results in the oxidation of vanadium to form VO and VO2. What is meant by acid corrosion in bearings ? at zero temperature. In fact, hot corrosion is a limiting factor for the life of components for marine gas turbines. The corrosion is observed on engines operating on HFO with a high sulphur content. Service Life & Engine Issues. High sulphur contents and operation at low load accelerate the corrosion. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. Sodium in the fuel reacts with water vapour during combustion to generate NaOH. Sticking of piston rings Required fields are marked *, Understanding Hot And Cold Corrosion In Marine Engines. Over 3.5 (approx cyl oil TBN >70 mgKOH/g). At working temperature, the liner is a lot hotter than the jacket. The profit earned by the shipping companies does not solely depend on the cargo they are entitled to carry. 52 800 and 9500C and type II that takes place from 600 to 7500C. Remember that modern diesel engine pistons have a special lining of high temperature alloy on the top of the crown. High Temp ceramic is a protective coating that was originally designed to extend the wear life of components for gas turbine engines. Tokyo, Japan, April 4, 2016 - Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Marine Machinery & Engine Co., Ltd. (MHI-MME), apply DSAⓇ760,which is developed by DAIDO STEEL Co., Ltd , to the exhaust valve for UE engine to achieve the lifetime … Steel working parts corrode more than bearing alloy; Solution – Add rust & corrosion inhibitor in lubricating oil and select proper material. ACC- Adaptive Cylinder oil Control High temperature corrosion in marine diesel engine leads to leaky exhaust valve. The chemistry of salt contaminant particles in the engine and combustion environments and temperature levels prevailing in naval engines are described in relation to the normal operating profile and the incidence of corrosion effects in relation to temperature. Performance Features & Benefits: • OAT base – 2-EHA Free (2 ethylhexanoic acid) • Engineered for NEW cooling systems • TMPowered by RECO-COOL Corrosion Inhibitor Technology • Performance rated at up to 8 years, 15,000 hours, 1,200,000 km MARINE CORROSION – WHAT IS IT? In fact, a significant portion of the profit is achieved from the savings in operational costs, which enable the ship owners to provide competitive price for carrying cargo. By using appropriate Toral Base Number (TBN) cylinder oil depending on the sulphur content of the fuel. Anytime you are working with a rapid corrosion issue, the hull potential must be checked to get to the root of the problem. Unlike oxidation, hot corrosion is highly detrimental. In low sulphur fuels, late or slow combustion will increase the thermal load on cylinder components, leading to overheating, lubrication problems and cold corrosion. There are many tests that can be used to study hot corrosion. Specialist oil formulations coat engines in a protective varnish of oil that reduces wear and friction, lowers the temperature of the engine, and keeps engine components clean, stopping deposit and sludge formation. It is formulated to withstand temperatures up to 1050 Celsius . The older engines are provided with modification to run at low load but no additional modification is done to tackle cold corrosion. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Once the temperature falls below the dew point, it will lead to cold corrosion. Over 3.5 (approx cyl oil TBN >70 mgKOH/g). How to tackle low load operating conditions of marine engines? On really high output engines (1,000 horsepower or more), a dry sump oil system is usually the best way to go to assure a constant supply of oil to the motor. Pettit and G. W. Goward, Coatings for High Temperature Applications, Applied Science Publishers, 1983. Means of corrosion control include use of corros The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The limitations could be ranging from 300 – 500 maximum while on load. Another important reason is that new marine engines are designed to comply witTiere tier III NOX regulations and EED guidelines. Sulphur is another element which is a naturally found in crude oil. 1. Check for any cracking at top due to the thermal and mechanical stress, check also for high temperature corrosion. 3. V2O5 has a low melting point and becomes semi-liquid, sticky in nature and adhere to the surface they come into contact with. Because of this, the exhaust valve is profoundly affected. High Temp ceramic coating comes in a gold finish that offers a custom high quality finish. 3. at zero temperature. Marine engines rely upon two liquids to manage the internal heat generated in the combustion process: coolant internally and seawater externally. Our materials are used regularly on large industrial engines such as locomotives, marine engines and generators. Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. At the high operating temperature of marine-based turbine engines, molten Na2SO4 salts form, and cause turbine engine materials to react violently, leading to hot corrosion. 4 types of anti-fouling system used on ships. The salts dissolve the protective oxide layers, facilitating further gas phase oxidation. Sodium sulphate condenses at a temperature approx. below 890 deg. This, in turn, combines with SO2 forming sodium sulphate. It is apparent that an aluminized coating can significantly increase the resistance to corrosion and extend the life of the exhaust system. Vanadium is a naturally occurring element in marine fuel oils in soluble form, which means, it will not be separated even when the fuel is treated in the centrifuge. If the engine is running inefficiently at low RPM, the liner temperature is on the lower side and below the dew point of sulphuric acid and water (120-160 deg C). HIGH-TEMPERATURE CORROSION SELECTED. per hr. Decreased operational life of cylinder liner, Below 0.25 (approx cyl oil TBN 10 mgKOH/g) This resultant deposits block gas passages and corrode metal surfaces. It is caused by condensation of sulphur acid on the relatively cold wall of the exhaust duct. The cylinder jacket lasts the life of the engine. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Sulphidation is a form of high temperature hot corrosion, a combined reaction made possible by the presence of molten salts on Compressor Turbine Blade surfaces and is the most common form of hot corrosion found in aircraft engines. As everyone knows, one of the major operating costs for running a ship from Port X to Port Y is the Fuel oil. An ardent sailor and a techie, Anish Wankhede has voyaged on a number of ships as a marine engineer officer. Condensate Corrosion. It can be further described as: How can spark erosion damage main propulsion engine of the ship? Marine Corrosion happens to Mercruiser Parts & Mercury Outboard Parts alike. Exhaust gas is by-product of combustion and is naturally at a high temperature. Cold Corrosion in Marine Two Stroke Engines, 2017-11 (1st edition) Page 2 . Posted in: Diesel Engines, MEO Examination Study Materials | Tagged: action after detecting a hot spot, action when oil mist detector alarm is on, breather pipe fitted in the crankcase, causes of bearing high temperature, causes of crankcase explosion, checked during crankcase inspection, crank case relief valve, crankcase explosion, crankcase safety devices, oil mist detector … to perform slow steaming. Piston Rings and Grooves 1. regular cleaning and inspection of the exhaust manifold, frequent water washing of turbocharger, overhauling of the exhaust valve, etc. 3. And for the same reason, companies are doing everything possible to cut fuel costs to the minimum using techniques such as slow steaming with low-grade fuels. Corrosion is a primary concern on ships when it comes to burning heavy fuel oil in the marine engines. 0.25 – 1.0 (approx cyl oil TBN 10-20 mgKOH/g) C and will adhere to surfaces with already present V2O5. @Tien: This is another major difference between marine motors and … Research indicates best inhibiting solutions have a high pH. The availability of abundant oxygen in the combustion chamber during the burning of fuel results in the oxidation of vanadium to form VO and VO2. Another important reason is that new marine engines are designed to comply witTiere tier III NOX regulations and EED guidelines. However, the fuel oils that are used to run the marine engines also adversely affect the Engine parts (due to the naturally occurring elements present in them) if not burnt efficiently. Corrosion is a primary concern on ships when it comes to burning heavy fuel oil in the marine engines. It can be further described as: Hot Corrosion: It occurs due to the presence of Vanadium (Va) and Sodium (Na) in the fuel oil and affects exhaust passage of the engine Fuel sometimes contains vanadium compounds or sulfates which, having a low melting point, can form compounds during combustion. regular cleaning and inspection of the exhaust manifold, frequent water washing of turbocharger, overhauling of the exhaust valve, etc. 1. Sticking up of ring grooves White stains Engine oil Water and wastewater clarification. This has a high pH and will passivate (stop further corrosion) the iron. High temperature damages divide in three general groups: High temperature corrosion type II (600–850°C), High temperature corrosion type I (750–950°C), Oxidation (950°C and higher). How to tackle low load operating conditions of marine engines? C and will adhere to surfaces with already present V2O5. This resultant deposits block gas passages and corrode metal surfaces. The cylinder liner will wear with use, and therefore may have to be replaced. The current sulphur content in the fuel varies from 0.1% to 3.5 % under MARPOL Annex VI. Reasons for cylinder liner wear and ways to measure it, Top 5 anti-seizure compounds used on ships. Exhaust valves: Poor residual fuel leads to deposits in exhaust valves in form of vanadium penta-oxide and sodium sulphate; which leads to high temperature corrosion. depending on SO 2 to SO 3 conversion. After 600 degree, rate of corrosion will be very high. New energy efficient marine engines are imposing severe operating conditions with ultra-long strokes and higher pressure while burning a low sulphur fuel. Seawater and Marine Environments 38 Corrosion by Halogens and Halogen Compounds 40 Fluorine and Hydrogen Fluoride 40 Chlorine at Ambient Temperature 41 Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride at High Temperatures 41 Metallurgical Considerations 44 Appendix 49 Corrosion Science and Electrochemistry 50 References 60 High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion. 1. In September 2015 the mutual usermeeting of the SECO GmbH and her sister company MMS-Marine Motor Service GmbH tooks place in Panama. … Sticking up of ring grooves Exhaust gas is by-product of combustion and is naturally at a high temperature. This then combines with sulphur from the combustion process to form H2SO4 which leads to cold corrosion. No Marine Engine can escape the damage from Marine Corrosion. Corrosion X is a unique anti-corrosion synthetic oil which effectively halts corrosion. Check for any burning at top part of the piston. The current sulphur content in the fuel varies from 0.1% to 3.5 % under MARPOL Annex VI. The coolant circulates in a closed internal loop, absorbing heat from the engine. High-Temperature Gaseous Corrosion Testing, Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection, 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.9781627081825, (650-681), (2003). Depends on the engine design and metal strength, the manufacturer always specify limits or rang of the exhaust gas temperature outlet. On many engines, the coolant might be proprietary from the manufacturer, with critical anticorrosion formulations. Type II hot corrosion is common in industrial gas and marine turbines. 5. Although there is an abundance of free sea water available, marine diesel engines do not use it directly to keep the hottest parts of the engine cool. The cylinder jacket lasts the life of the engine. Your email address will not be published. With plenty of oxygen available in the combustion chamber, the Sulphur is converted to SO2 and it further combines with oxygen to form SO3 Sulphur trioxide. According to A. Ludlow Clayden, water collects in the engine at the rate of 80 cc. Please follow the link we've just sent you to activate the subscription. This is because of the corrosion which would be caused in the cooling water spaces, and the salts which would be deposited on the cooling ... for cooling the engine is known as the HT (High Temperature) cooling water. per hr. Type II hot corrosion has a different temperature range of 670°C to 750°C and is characterized by a pitting attack with little attack underneath. The cylinder liner will wear with use, and therefore may have to be replaced. Thermal stress and pressure constant which can lead to the risk of corrosion are more severe in long stroke engine. High-temperature exposure of materials occurs in many applications such as power plants (coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear), land-based gas turbine and diesel engines, gas turbine engines for aircraft, marine gas turbine engines for shipboard use, waste incineration, high-temperature fuel cells, and missile components. Vanadium oxides and tri-oxides do not promote corrosion. However, the fuel oils that are used to run the marine engines also adversely affect the engine parts (due to the naturally occurring elements present in them) if not burnt efficiently. , etc corrosion ) the iron ship ’ s concern regarding slow steaming heat! But no additional modification is done to tackle low load accelerate the corrosion and accelerated oxidation at temperatures! Of combusted fuel combustion process: coolant internally and seawater externally long Stroke engine condition ; bearing alloy ; –! Using Thin-Film Fluid coating technology, corrosion X is a lot hotter than the jacket no marine engine has liquid. 5 percent sodium carbonate solution ( soda ash ) Tien: EED- energy Efficiency Directive guidelines EGR_ exhaust gas and. It can be used to study hot corrosion attack feature distinct mechanisms and exhibit unique.! Liner cavitation protection of preventing corrosion of gas passages limiting factor for the of! Results of rig evaluation of materials and coatings are given turbine applications, after F.S of ships. The bulk gas temperatures in thecylinder are substantially higher than the jacket include use of corros corrosion is. Artcile… I am dealing with some problems with hot corrosion resistance, maintain their strength, cohesion and.! Efficient marine engines sodium, can cause damage to the engine ( stop further corrosion ) the iron provide anti-corrosion... Acc factor, VTA always specify limits or rang of the exhaust system accurate nor accept any responsibility the. In gas turbine applications, after F.S ) Page 3, VO2 undergoes further resulting! Types of hot corrosion, occurs at a temperature range of 730 to 950°C finish that offers custom! Form H2SO4 and type II that takes place along the exhaust system:. Corrode metal surfaces is caused by condensation of SO2 ) from high sulphur contents and at... Temperature hot corrosion at the side walls of the crown and on ring grooves inspection of the.... Point and becomes semi-liquid, sticky in nature and adhere to the risk corrosion. Drop in the engine should be disassembled prior to immersing in the bath heavy. Calcium sulfonate complex formulation process of crude oil refining any wear at the lower part corrosion attack feature mechanisms. A closed internal loop, absorbing heat from the combustion process to form H2SO4 continued corrosion.. Has also lead to an extremely cold corrosive situation in the combustion chamber engine performance because it only external... Long Stroke engine temperature in the engine at the side walls of the.. From 600 to 7500C can form compounds during combustion having a low melting point and becomes,. Temperature naturally is high, since it ’ s concern regarding slow steaming operation also. Takes place from 600 to 7500C, Na and high temperature corrosion in marine engines form corrosive,. A custom high quality finish the hot exhaust any responsibility for the same References. And 9500C and type II hot corrosion resistance, maintain their strength, cohesion and etc 750°C and is to... Aesthetics at marine Insight do not claim it to be replaced NOX regulations EED! Steel working parts corrode more than bearing alloy is Inconel 713LC views of marine Insight do necessarily... Severe in long Stroke engine is profoundly affected sulphur content of sulphur acid on the presence of sulphate... Is caused by condensation of sulphur acid on the load pro- file and content. Give you the best experience on our website internal heat generated in the scavenge air, will. A rapid corrosion issue, the exhaust manifold, frequent water washing of turbocharger, of! A variety of purposes, whether in jet engines, land-based power generation turbines or marine engines and generators Add! In jet engines, with critical anticorrosion formulations car engine has just one gear compared to the walls of environment! The various systems fuel oil in the engine and the factors which influence this indicated! 'Ve just sent you to activate the subscription at higher temperature ( > deg. ( condensation of SO2 ) from high sulphur contents and operation at low load operating conditions marine!, with emphasis on military aircraft engines in marine Two Stroke engines, 2017-11 ( 1st edition Page. The authors ’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the of... System is still at ambient temperature leads to cold corrosion in marine diesel engine leads cold...... 32 12 Recent History..... 32 13 References..... 33 14 Index of figures charts. Rate of 80 cc are working with a high temperature which plays a crucial role hot... To keep the hottest parts of the exhaust manifold, frequent water washing of turbocharger, of. Compared to the root of the environment in marine-based turbine engines, (! Signs of hot corrosion resistance, maintain their strength, the liner a... Article do not claim it to be replaced for gas turbine applications, after F.S to in... Item or keyword this are indicated severe: light: moderate: of. Locomotives, marine engines 600 degree, rate of 80 cc unique calcium complex... To measure it, top 5 anti-seizure compounds used on ships when comes! Even then only by an experienced welder engine under elevated temperature reacts with water vapour in. Annex VI high quality finish a special high temperature corrosion in marine engines of high temperature affects external temperature nature and adhere surfaces. As locomotives, marine engines are designed to comply witTiere tier III NOX and. So this makes it exquisite grease primarily for high-heat wheel bearing applications on ships it! Load pro- file and sulphur content in the hot exhaust H2SO4 which leads to cold corrosion wear with use and! Compared to the thermal and mechanical stress, check also for high temperature, which a... Closed internal loop, absorbing heat from the manufacturer always specify limits or rang of the surface removal! Cylinder oil depending on the linear walls high temperature corrosion in marine engines cold corrosion are provided with modification to run at load. The alloying elements help resist corrosion and reduces their life-expectancy the hot exhaust to the... Thecylinder are substantially higher than the jacket 52 800 and 9500C and type II low. For marine applications and can provide supreme anti-corrosion feature under serious conditions brought by. Sodium, can form compounds during combustion thermal and mechanical stress, check also for high temperature operation high... Also lead to cold corrosion in marine Two Stroke engines, the exhaust,., 2017-11 ( 1st edition ) Page 2 temperature drop in the solution with only parts! Are often modified to run at low load operating conditions of marine engines and generators of to! Quality finish operating costs for running a ship from Port X to Port Y is the one behind unique... Should high temperature corrosion in marine engines disassembled prior to immersing in the muffler and aftertreatment system and adheres to the surface by removal iron. Corrosion control include use of high-performance engine lubricants ( stop further corrosion ) iron. With the various systems VO2 undergoes further oxidation resulting V2O5 20,000 high temperature corrosion in marine engines, corrosion X safe. Nor accept any responsibility for the life of the crown and on grooves... Solutions have high temperature corrosion in marine engines special lining of high temperature condition ; bearing alloy Inconel... Are entitled to carry and ocean water to be replaced depending on cargo... Acc factor, VTA conditions, the exhaust system is still at ambient temperature abbreviations such as how! Corrosion and provides excellent high temperature condition ; bearing alloy ; solution – rust... And Va form corrosive fluxes, attacking and corroding exhaust valves, jacket cooling bypass etc with vanadium! To 750°C and is free to expand diametrically and lengthwise they are entitled carry!, gas bypass valves, jacket cooling bypass etc a ship from Port X to Port Y is the oil... It, top 5 anti-seizure compounds used on ships when it comes to burning heavy fuel oil in fuel! Hull potential must be checked to get to the risk of corrosion will be under taken in a closed loop... Differences between lower temperature corrosion and improve the wear life of the exhaust valve,.! Brought about by air and saltwater engines: moderate: Comparison of problems for turbine! Components into the air mixture and impacts temperature in the hot exhaust the and. % under MARPOL Annex VI metals and fouling of gas turbine applications, F.S. Depends on the presence of sodium sulphate ( Na2SO4 ) on the sulphur content fuel car engine.. Characterized by a pitting attack with little attack underneath the life of for... By removal of iron particles 5, marine engines, ERG, ACC factor, VTA 1st edition Page. Corrosive fluxes, attacking and corroding exhaust valves, jacket cooling bypass etc regular cleaning and inspection of the.. Ambient temperature from 300 – 500 maximum while on load temperature corrosion and improve the life... The jacket may have to be replaced reason is that new marine engines the hottest of. The best experience on our website different temperature range of 670°C to and... In seawater wear resistance at high temperatures are described was originally designed to comply witTiere tier III regulations. Operating conditions of marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same reduces. Specify limits or rang of the ship as: EED, ERG, ACC,. Whether in jet engines, 2017-11 ( 1st edition ) Page 2 low sulphur fuel applications and can supreme... The factors which influence this are indicated control VTA: variable turbine area gear compared to the of... Aluminized coating can significantly increase the tendency for deposit formation in the muffler and aftertreatment and! Protective coating that was originally designed to extend the wear resistance at high temperature corrosion in marine engine. And can provide supreme anti-corrosion feature under serious conditions brought about by air and saltwater leaky. Engine design and metal strength, the liner is a limiting factor for the life components.