Peat, wet weighs 1.156 gram per cubic centimeter or 1 156 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. Peat can be found anywhere in the world except in barren and arctic regions which cover about 5–8% of land area [1]. The UCS values of treated peat increased with the increment of stabilizer and curing period. Silica and alumina present in fly ash and clay minerals greatly increased pH, which make them available for reaction with the calcium from lime and fly ash to form cementitious hydrates, calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), and CSH. Chapter 3: Engineering Properties of Peat and Organic Soils 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Phases of Peat 3.3 Botanical Origin and Fibre Content 3.4 Fabric or Structure 3.5 Soil Organic Colloids 3.6 Humification of Peat 3.7 Oxidation 3.8 Organic Content 3.9 Water content 3.10 Atterberg limits 3.11 Density and Specific Gravity Water retention property of peat 2.3. Upon compression, the permeability of fibrous peats decreases dramatically, with a ratio of permeability change index to in situ void ratio equal to 0.25, as compared to 0.50 for soft clay and silt deposits. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. In studies where both dry bulk density and moisture content have been determined, a negative linear relationship between the two has been presented (e.g., Tolonen & Ijäs 1982, Klemetti & Keys 1983). Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. Best of all it requires no expensive equipment. If the room temperature is different from 27 o C, the following correction should be done:-G’ = kG where, G’ = Corrected specific gravity at 27 o C The results show that all samples fall into the category of H3–H7, according to the Von Post scale. Therefore, geotechnical engineers can use waste FA and commercially available QL and OPC for peat stabilization purposes. 2020_Specific gravity of solids relationship with ignition loss for peaty soils_Geotechnical Research.pdf (PDF) 1.057Mb Abstract: Peaty soils have an extremely high water content and a low specific gravity of solids (Gs) compared with most inorganic soils. The burning of coal resulted in over 4.2–13 million tons of coal ash as a by-product from 2000 to 2005 in Malaysia mostly disposed into ash pond or lagoon, which is a challenge for the environment [6, 7]. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or fraction lighter density, no matter how small or large the fraction is. Peat. Cheng et al. In this paper, the origin of peat and its different physical properties namely: moisture content, bulk density, specific gravity, void ratio, permeability and chemical properties are discussed. The correlations between UCS values for 28 days of the curing period and different percentages of stabilizers were established. Most of the researchers focused on soft clay for morphological microstructure investigation and very few studies are available on peat [2, 24, 32]. The cone penetration method was used to determine the liquid limit (LL) of peat samples. 0000004005 00000 n Licensee IntechOpen. The maximum strength was obtained from 28 days of the curing period. Hence, this study examines the utilization of FA and discusses its potential implications for a wet tropical environment especially in relation to peat stabilization. A quantity of dry soil is placed in the jar and the jar weighed (M 2). Also FA uses in soil treatment, as conditioners or filler material for low-lying wastelands, in refuse dumps reclamation, and construction or geotechnical secondary raw materials [8, 9] has increased their potential geo-environmental impact. 0000002577 00000 n The color and fluid that is released between the fingers is observed and the pressed residue remains in hand after squeezing is measured as the degree of decomposition. The present paper describes the physical and engineering properties of tropical peat soils from Sarawak, Malaysia. The specific density of peat, which has a close relationship with the components of the plant residues found in peat, is relatively low, usually ranging from 1.0 to 1.6 Kg m-3. The results are given in Table 1. The specific gravity of soil and peat moss are different from each other (the true specific gravity of soil is 2.6 to 2.8, and the true specific gravity of peat moss is 0.4 to 0.5), it is difficult to uniformly mix those particulate materials. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. They are required to define certain organic soils. It can be attributed to the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). When considering the minus 40-size materials of a peat, the test would certainly return some value. Previous researchers also observed a similar trend between Gs and OC relation [41]. The mixing of the peat and stabilizers can be accomplished using different types of modern equipment in the real field. Density (Specific Gravity) Specific gravity is defined by ASTM D4439 (from volume 04.13 on Geosynthetics) as the ratio of the density of the substance in question to the density of a reference substance at a specified condition of temperature and … Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. weight (kg/m3) material. 0000001024 00000 n The R2 values for FA- and OPC-treated peat soil are 0.88 and 0.99, respectively. Density and Specific Gravity ASTM D792, ISO 1183 Scope: Density is the mass per unit volume of a material. Note, there's no units for specific gravity, because it's the ratio of one density to another density. The calculated void ratio for each peat type was … xref The amounts of QL, FA, and OPC added with the peat samples are in the range of 2–8, 5–20, and 5–20%, respectively. This pro-cedure assumes that the ash is composed of clay minerals with a specific gravity of 2 .7 and that the organic material, burnt o f f during firing, has a specific gravity of 1.5. Contact our London head office or media team here. Moist specific gravity refers to the specific gravity of raw coal and is determined on a block of bed-moist coal (300-500 g) by weighing the block in air and then in water, i.e. Any frictional characteristics are The results increased up to 6% of QL with the curing period and decreased beyond this percentage. Previous researchers established the relationship between physical and geotechnical properties with different types of peats [11, 30]. Figure 5(a) shows that the untreated peat soil sample consists of fibers and woody particles and has lots of void space. Fibrous peat deposits possess very high initial permeability, typically 1,000 times the initial permeability of soft clay and silt deposits. The natural moisture content was measured in the peat samples in this study. *Address all correspondence to: pkolay@siu.edu, Edited by Bülent Topcuoğlu and Metin Turan. The peatland ecosystem covers 3.7 million square kilometres (1.4 million square miles) and is the most efficient carbon sink on the … Table 1 shows the physical and engineering properties of the various peat samples collected from Sarawak, Malaysia. Key words: Peat, humification, physical properties, … 5 1. 4.1 Specific gravity, apparent, may be used as a qualitative test in establishing the identity of a chemical. Furthermore, a few correlations were established from physical and geotechnical properties of the original peat. 0000004260 00000 n The department of irrigation and drainage in Sarawak mentioned that there are about 2.7 million hectares of peat land in Malaysia (i.e., 8% of the total land area). 0000006695 00000 n Other significant properties of peat soil its organic content, fibre content, specific gravity, bulk density and pH which were 96.45%, 90.39%, 1.24, 1037.73 kg m-3 and 3.51, respectively. Specific gravity of peat is influenced by that of the cellulose (1.58) and of lignin (1.40). In the present study, peat samples were collected from Sarawak, Malaysia, to evaluate physical and engineering properties and make comparisons between treated and untreated samples. 3.3.1 Moist Specific Gravity, Raw Coal Density. The present study established different correlations between physical and engineering properties of original peat and UCS results on treated peat samples with different types of stabilizers. Experimental … Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. In this paper, the origin of peat and its different physical properties namely: moisture content, bulk density, specific gravity, void ratio, permeability and chemical properties are discussed. As a practical … Due to heterogeneity of peat and FA sample, a minimum of three samples were tested with each percentage of stabilizer and average result is presented. SEM micrographs were conducted to study the morphology of peat, FA and treated peat samples. The compaction results of the peat soil samples are also presented in Figure 1. For example, ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of 1.13 (1130 kilograms/cubic meter). This may be attributed to the fact that higher FC had higher water absorption capacity; as a result, MDD decreased with the increases of LL and OMC. There is a dilemma as to whether the peat behaves as a granular material or as a cohesive material in shear. Available from: Current Consequences and Further Solutions, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, USA, Department of Civil Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. The SEM tests were conducted on peat, FA, and stabilized peat samples to investigate the microstructure. 3.3.1 Moist Specific Gravity, Raw Coal Density. 49 0 obj<>stream bulk specific weight and density. Quick lime (QL), fly ash (FA), and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were used as stabilizers. OK, so why even bother defining something called the specific … SEM images of (a) peat, (b) FA, (c) peat + FA, (d) peat + OPC. The present study investigates the effects of different types of stabilizers on tropical peat samples. The remaining samples can be categorized as peat soil. The results show that the UCS value increases with the increase of FA and curing period. Specific gravity is a unitless measurement that is derived as a ratio of either the weight of another liquid or the density of another liquid divided by the weight or density of water. The UCS tests were performed according to the guidelines provided in ASTM D2166 [36]. [2] stated that various peat samples have different structural formations; for example, fibrous peat soils have hollow cellular particles and most of the water content of fibrous peat is held by those particles. Fibrous peat deposits possess very high initial permeability, typically 1,000 times the initial permeability of soft clay and silt deposits. Specific gravity and bulk density of peat 3. It is defined as Method of measurement For fine soils a 50 ml density bottle may be used; for coarse soils a 500 ml or 1000 ml jar. Den Haan [41] stated that peat contains higher organic substances and hence the physical properties of the peat may be affected by the organic substances. Authors such as Edil(1997), Hobbs(1986) and Haan(1997) report values in the range of 1.1 to 1.9. Dermatas and Meng [44] also stated that sulfates from groundwater or soil may combine with the alumina compound, such as calcium-aluminate-sulfate hydrate, which leads ultimately to the formation of ettringite. The specific gravity ( Gs ) of OPC added to the resulting strength increases with the increase of all used. In deltas and coastal plains of Sarawak those readers comparison result of three tests construction.! 38 ] internal mineralogical formation improved when compared with mineral soils response under loading with! 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