), refd to. 68. The water authority had put in the water supply herbicides which damaged the crops they sought to grow, and which were watered from the supply. That range was to be contrasted with 100ppb, the maximum amount of triclopyr allowed under the 1995 New Zealand Drinking Water Standards. The dispute centres around the first two. The Hamiltons must also satisfy the second precondition of a claim under section 16(a). Rylands v. Fletcher (1868), L.R. We should add that an inference of reliance based on the established use by the Hamiltons (and other growers) of Papakura's water supply may be all the easier to draw if, as appears to be the case, there is no evidence that the Hamiltons or other growers actually tested the purity of the water supplied by Papakura. The essential point is that it would never have occurred to Papakura that the Hamiltons were relying on it to provide water of the quality for which they now contend. It concluded its discussion of this head of claim as follows: 15. An error of judgment is not necessarily negligent. Papakura did not seek to guard itself and said nothing to the Hamiltons to suggest that the water might be unsuitable for covered crop cultivation. [1] Background [ edit] The Hamiltons grew hydroponic cherry tomatoes, using the Papakura town water supply to supply their water needs. According to the statement of claim, Watercare had duties: 29. It would impose extra costs on general users which relate in no way to their needs for pure, potable water. 35. 330, refd to. ]. The Court then set out matters emphasised by the Hamiltons as communicating the particular purpose and reliance, and it concluded: 12. 6 Hamilton v Papakura District Council (1997) 11 PRNZ 333 (HC) at 339; Arklow Investments Ltd v MacLean HC Auckland CP49/97, 19 May 2000 at [18] and [23]; and Chisholm v Auckland City Council (2000) 14 PRNZ 302 (HC) at [33]. Moreover, the defendants came into court asserting that they had supplied Welsh coal of suitable quality. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research. 1. For our part, we would have humbly advised Her Majesty that she should allow the appeal in this respect and remit the case to the Court of Appeal to make the necessary findings of fact. 41. Held that a reasonable 15 year old would not have realised the potential injury. The Ministry of Health, as a surveillance agency over community drinking water supplies, undertakes a public health grading of all such supplies. 116, refd to. 48. They said that there was no evidence that Papakura knew that the growers relied on the water for use with sensitive crops without any testing or treatment. Why is this claim significant? Court of Appeal of New Zealand decisions from the New Zealand Legal Information Institute (NZLII) website. Match. The Court continued: 33. The cases linked on your profile facilitate Casemine's artificial intelligence engine in recommending you to potential clients who might be interested in availing your services for similar matters. They are satisfied, if the reliance is a matter of reasonable inference to the seller and to the Court . Norsildmel were, accordingly, held liable to Christopher Hill for breach of the warranty in section 14(1). 24. 12 year old threw a metal dart, and accidentally hit girl in eye. Learn. 14. For this aspect of their case the Hamiltons rely on the decision of the House of Lords in Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill Ltd [1972] AC 441. It is true, of course, as the majority point out, that Papakura sold only water and only water coming from one particular source. Hamilton and M.P. It has no ability to add anything to, or subtract anything from, the water at that point. Landowner constructed drainage system to minimum statutory standards. We draw particular attention to Viscount Dilhorne's observation ([1972] AC 441, 487A): 58. Hamilton v. Papakura District Council, [2000] 1 N.Z.L.R. The claimant had failed to show that it had brought its particular needs to the attention of the water company, and a claim in contract failed. It does not own or control any reservoirs and has the water in its reticulation system only for a matter of hours. Standard required is reasonable skill of someone in the position in the position of the defendant. 0 Reviews. The Court of Appeal put the matter this way: 38. A person suffering an incapacity who willingly puts themselves in a position to cause harm WILL be held to be negligent. The Court of Appeal stated its conclusion about the negligence causes for actions against both defendants in this way: 31. First, the buyer must expressly or by implication make known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required . The Ashington Piggeries case did not apply because in this case there was one supply of one product. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Secondly, the appellants contend that in para [57] (set out in para 14 above) the Court of Appeal wrongly rejected the claim on the basis that the Hamiltons had not communicated to Papakura even the broad purpose of horticultural use . They contend, however, that they made that purpose known by implication . 8. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks 1856, Hamilton v Papakura District Council, Nettleship v Weston and more. The Court of Appeal held, however, that Ashington Piggeries could be distinguished because, in that case the particular purpose as a food for mink was communicated and the expertise of the compounders was to be relied upon not to provide a compound toxic to mink. An OBJECTIVE test was applied, and it was found that he had not taken reasonable care, insanity made no difference. Once you create your profile, you will be able to: Claim the judgments where you have appeared by linking them directly to your profile and maintain a record of your body of work. The question of negligence is for the COURTS to decide, NOT for the profession in question. Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more. Social value - saving life or limb can justify taking a significant risk. A resource management case, Gilbert v Tauranga District Council involving an . 32. ), refd to. Floor made slippery due to flood. The courts are plainly addressing the question of foreseeability. Hamilton v Papakura District Council (New Zealand) [2002] UKPC 9 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding liability under tort for negligence under Rylands v Fletcher. [paras. Hamilton v Papakura District Council [2002] UKPC 9 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding liabililty under tort for negligence under Rylands v Fletcher. The Court of Appeal reviewed the evidence and summarised its effect (Hamilton v Papakura District Council [2000] 1 NZLR 265, 277, para 49): 56. Special circumstances of a rushed emergency callout. In this case it is accepted that the third precondition is satisfied. Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the worlds leading publishers. No negligence. If a footnote is at the end of a sentence, the footnote number follows the full stop. That makes no commercial sense. [para. Autex Industries Ltd. v. Auckland City Council, [2000] N.Z.A.R. The High Court has affirmed and exercised this jurisdiction in Hamilton v Papakura District Council, Arklow Investments Ltd v MacLean and Chisholm v Auckland City Council. To adapt a statement by Lord Wilberforce in Ashington Piggeries ([1972] AC 441 at 497), quoting Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest, Papakura would not have undertaken the liability to meet the requirement that we want your water to grow our cherry tomatoes hydroponically but we want to buy only if you sell us water that will do . That assurance covers not only defects which the seller ought to have detected but also defects that are latent, in the sense that even the utmost skill and judgment on the part of the seller would not have detected them. To avail the Hamiltons [the Court continued] any implied term would need to be that the water supplied was suitable for their particular horticultural use . Compliance with those Standards ensures safe and appropriate use for a wide range of purposes beyond human ingestion. Strict liability - Application of rule in Rylands v. Fletcher - The Hamiltons sued the Papakura District Council (the town), claiming that their cherry tomato crops were damaged by hormone herbicides which were present in the town water supply - The Hamiltons also sued the company that supplied the water to the town (Watercare), claiming that Watercare was liable for nuisance under the principle in Rylands v. Fletcher - The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council affirmed that the Hamiltons' claim in nuisance failed for lack of reasonable foreseeability - See paragraphs 46 to 49. In case of any confusion, feel free to reach out to us.Leave your message here. The legislation in its offence provisions also gives some indication, if limited, of the quality of the water to be supplied. It carries out four tests a week as prescribed by the Ministry of Health in the Drinking Water Standards at various sampling points. AG v PYA Quarries Ltd [1957] 2 QB 169, 184 per Romer LJ (CA) cited in Stephen Todd (ed) The Law of Torts in New Zealand (3 ed, Brookers, Wellington, 2001) 535. 59. The Hamiltons alleged that Papakura breached an implied term in its contract for the supply of water to them that the water supplied was suitable for horticultural use. It necessarily has some characteristics in common It follows that their Lordships agree with the courts below that the claims in negligence against the two defendants cannot be sustained. We apply the standard of the reasonable driver to learners. In the present case the Court of Appeal, while having regard to the established pattern of trading between the parties, do not appear to have considered what inferences could be drawn from it. While the water comes by way of a single bulk supply, many of Papakura's customers, by contrast, do have special needs, including dairy factories and food processing facilities. It denied that it owed the Hamiltons any greater duty than it owed to any other customer for water of Papakura and denied, in addition, that it owed to the plaintiffs or to any other person a duty to ensure that the water which it supplied to Papakura was suitable for a particular horticultural application. Standard of care expected of drivers is the same for ALL drivers. 70. The damage occurred at two of the Hamilton properties serviced by the town supply, but not at a third where town supply water was not used. 60. Subscribers are able to see a list of all the cited cases and legislation of a document. 3 Hamilton v Papakura District Council [2000] 1 NZLR 265, 280 4 [1981] 1 WLR 246, 258 5 [1957] 1 WLR 582, 586 [13] The department has responsibility for all prisons in New Zealand and has some thousands of employees. That water was sold to the Hamiltons by the Papakura District Council (Papakura), the first respondent, who obtained it from the second respondent, Watercare Services Limited (Watercare), the main bulk water supplier for the Auckland area which includes Papakura. Papakura's monitoring procedures have already been briefly mentioned (para 22). As Mr Casey emphasised, however, the relevant part of Ashington Piggeries for present purposes is the second appeal, in the proceedings between Christopher Hill and the third party, Norsildmel, who had sold Christopher Hill the toxic herring meal used by them to produce the compound that they had in turn sold to Ashington Piggeries as feed for the mink which had subsequently died. Held that office acted reasonably in circumstances, and was NOT liable for the death of the pedestrians. Held, council NOT liable. Mr Casey, in his careful and comprehensive submissions for the Hamiltons, challenges three principal features of the Court of Appeal's reasoning on this matter. These standards and processes are of course focused on risks to human health. The decision of the court was delivered on February 28, 2002, including the following opinions: Sir Kenneth Keith (Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead and Sir Andrew Leggatt, concurring) - See paragraphs 1 to 51; Lord Hutton and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry, dissenting - See paragraphs 52 to 70. The Honourable Justice Chambers states; "The moment one states that as a proposition, one realises that it is absurd to continue talking about . Two of the criteria for the grading are that continuous quality monitoring is installed and that the treatment plant should be operated and managed by appropriately qualified personnel. In the event that is of no consequence for the resolution of the appeal.). Click here to remove this judgment from your profile. The court must, however, consider all the relevant evidence. It explains the common law rights of "natural servitude", and illustrates this with case law examples. Identify the climate region and approximate latitude and longitude of Atlanta. a. We agree with the advice of the majority set out in the opinion of Sir Kenneth Keith so far as it concerns the Hamiltons claims based on negligence, nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330. The extraordinarily broad scope of the proposed duty provides one decisive reason for rejecting the claims in negligence. Cop shot at tyre when approaching busy intersection, but hit the driver instead. The Court of Appeal record no evidence, however, that growers in the district and in particular the Hamiltons had any treatment or monitoring procedures. For a court to impose such a duty would be to impose a requirement on water suppliers which goes far beyond the duty met in practice by those authorities supplying bulk water, a duty which has long been founded on the Drinking Water Standards, standards drawn from World Health Organisation guidelines and from other international material and established through extensive consultation. Rebuilding After the COVID-19 PANDEMIC. The appellants submission is that reliance is in general to be readily inferred by the buyer choosing a seller whose business it is to sell goods of the kind required. 26. The only possibly relevant term of the contract with users to which their Lordships were referred was the statement in the standard water supply bylaw that the water be potable and wholesome . Subscribers can access the reported version of this case. As the Court of Appeal says, the finding of such reliance is very fact dependent. 39]. 520 (Aust. The tests are for chemical and related matters. b. D V to: ataahua ratio and justin generis senior partners at quid pro quo and associates from: diane vidallon re: insatiable insects to succeed under the ruling Standard of a reasonable driver was applied to an 11 year old who ran over her mother. Conditions and warranties - Implied or statutory terms as to quality or fitness - Fitness or suitability of goods - The Hamiltons sued the Papakura District Council (the town) for breach of contract, claiming that their cherry tomato crops were damaged by hormone herbicides which were present in the town water supply - The Hamiltons based their claim against the town on s. 16(a) of the Sale of Goods Act (i.e., the Hamiltons alleged that the town breached an implied term in its contract for the supply of water suitable for horticultural use) - The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council affirmed the dismissal of the Hamiltons' claim, where the Hamiltons failed to show that the town knew that the Hamiltons were relying on the town's skill and judgment in ensuring that the bulk water supply would be reasonably fit for the particular purpose - See paragraphs 9 to 26. Secondly, on one view this could seem unduly severe on Papakura. But, the Court pointed out, that is not the position that either Watercare or Papakura was shown to have been in. Hamilton (appellants) v. Papakura District Council and Watercare Services Ltd. (respondents) ( [2002] UKPC 9) Indexed As: Hamilton v. Papakura District Council et al. Those Standards, which replaced the 1984 Standards, were developed by the Ministry of Health with the assistance of an expert committee; extensive use was made of the World Health Organisation's Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 1993. To achieve the only higher grade, A1, the management systems associated with the treatment plant needed to have been the subject of accreditation in terms of the requirements of the International Standards Organisation (ISO 9000 or equivalent). The requirement of foreseeability as a matter of law under this head of claim was questioned in the Court of Appeal which concluded however that it must now be taken as clear that foreseeability is an element necessary to establish liability under Rylands v Fletcher as under nuisance. 49]. In the High Court Gallen J found Bullocks liable and the Court of Appeal (Henry, Thomas and Keith JJ) dismissed their appeal. Do you support legal recognition of marriages between persons of the same sex? Until this particular incident in February 1995 the water supplied by Papakura had never contained any substance that had proved harmful to the Hamiltons crops. Creating a unique profile web page containing interviews, posts, articles, as well as the cases you have appeared in, greatly enhances your digital presence on search engines such Google and Bing, resulting in increased client interest. See [2000] 1 NZLR 265, 278, para 53. 163 (PC), G.J. Enhance your digital presence and reach by creating a Casemine profile. Subscribers are able to see any amendments made to the case. )(.65)x(.35)5x, where n!=(n)(n1)(n2)(2)(1)n !=(n)(n-1)(n-2) \cdots(2)(1)n!=(n)(n1)(n2)(2)(1) and 0!=10 !=10!=1. The law imposes a standard of care employing the reasonable skill and knowledge of someone in the position of the defendants not an unattainable standard that guarantees against all harm and all circumstances . We refer to the evidence of Mr Utting which is set out in the judgment of the Court of Appeal ([2000] 1 NZLR 265, 281, para 66). 63. Liability of municipalities - Negligence - Re water supply - [See Was Drugs-Are-Us negligent? (1) Papakura District Council and (2) Watercare Services Ltd. Respondents [Majority judgment delivered by Sir Kenneth Keith] 1 Mr and Mrs Hamilton, the appellants, claim that their cherry tomato crops were damaged in 1995 by hormone herbicides which were present in their town water supply. 2. what a reasonable person would do in response to risk The Court of Appeal held that there was no evidence from which it could be inferred that the Hamiltons had communicated to Papakura that they had relied on their skill or judgment. Marlborough District Council v Altimarloch Joint Venture Ltd [2012] NZSC 11 (Supreme Court) Misrepresentation inducing contract, liability of council for defective LIM, assessing and apportioning damages in contract and tort. 53. How convincing is this evidence? Cas. bella_hiroki. In their Lordships view there is ample, indeed compelling, support for the concurrent conclusions reached by both Courts below that the Hamiltons have not shown that Papakura knew they were relying on Papakura's skill and judgment in ensuring that the bulk water supply would be reasonably fit for their particular purpose. We do not provide advice. Medway Oil and Storage Co. v. Silica Gel Corp. (1928), 33 Com. 36. 49]. Hamilton and M.P. But, knowledge of a driver's incompetence can give rise to contributory negligence. Practicability of precautions - Landowner had resources to extinguish fire that started on his land and failure to do so amounted to negligence. [para. Thus, the damage was foreseeable. 17. Court of Appeal Court of Appeal of New Zealand, 1999 0 Reviews Reviews aren't verified,. 49. Tauranga Electric Power Board v Karora Kohu. ), refd to. In this context, Papakura also called attention to one of its water sources which had been closed in June 1995, a bore source in Drury. That other 99% does of course remain subject to the Drinking Water Standards. See Cammell Laird & Co v Manganese Bronze and Brass Co Ltd [1934] AC 402, 427 per Lord Wright and Ashington Piggeries [1972] AC 441, 468H 469A per Lord Hodson and 490A B per Lord Wilberforce, both cited with approval by Thomas J giving the opinion of the Court of Appeal in B Bullock and Co Ltd v RL Matthews and CG Matthews t/a Matthews Nurseries (unreported, New Zealand Court of Appeal CA 265/98 18 December 1998). Proof of negligence - ]. The plants were particularly sensitive to such chemicals. Negligence - Causation - Foreseeability - The Hamiltons sued the Papakura District Council (the town) and its water supplier, Watercare, for negligence, claiming that their cherry tomato crops were damaged by hormone herbicides which were present in the town water supply - The Hamiltons argued that the town and Watercare had a duty of care to supply water that was fit for the purpose for which it was to be used, to monitor the quality of water to determine that it was fit for those purposes and to warn if the water supplied was not fit for those purposes - The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council dismissed the Hamiltons' negligence claim where the proposed duties were extraordinarily broad in scope and would go far beyond what was just and reasonable in the circumstances - Further, there was a lack of reasonable foreseeability - See paragraphs 27 to 45. The coal supplied was unsuitable for the steamer and she had to return to port, with the result that the plaintiffs suffered loss. The Watercare duties by contrast are put in terms of the water's suitability for horticultural use or of avoiding poisoning or damaging horticultural crops. The question then is whether, on the evidence, using the water for cultivating tomatoes or cherry tomatoes was a normal use within that particular purpose, was something for which Papakura 'should reasonably have contemplated that it was not unlikely the water would be used. 46. Held that risk of flooding was too great to comply only to the minimum standards, they should have gone further. Sale of Goods Act (U.K.) (1908), sect. Under section 16(a) the relevant condition is implied only where certain preconditions are met. Hamilton and target=_n>PC, Bailii, PC. The grades are A1, A, B, C, D and E. The grade the Ministry allotted to the source and the treatment station in this case was A (completely satisfactory, very low level of risk). 57 of 2000 (1) G.J. See Bruce Construction Corp. v. United States, 324 F.2d 516, 518 (Ct. Cl. Cambridge Water Company v Eastern Counties Leather Plc. This paper outlines the categories of potential legal liability at common law, and in statute. 45. 43. Negligence could not be established without accepting a higher duty to some consumers. The Court of Appeal held ([2000] 1 NZLR 265, 276, para 42) that, to avail the Hamiltons, any implied term would need to be that the water supplied was suitable for their particular horticultural use . Driver unaware he was suffering from a condition that starved the brain of oxygen and prevented him functioning properly. Indexed As: Hamilton v. Papakura District Council et al. Vote Philip Hamilton for the House of Delegates District 57. If it is at the end of a clause, it . Get 1 point on adding a valid citation to this judgment. Finally, in its discussion of the cases, the Court mentioned the difficult issues which may arise where a broad purpose is specified and the goods are suitable for some uses within that purpose and not others. The simple fact is that it did not undertake that liability. Kidney dialysis requires very high quality water, much higher than the standard, with the quality typically being achieved by a four stage filtration process. There is a similar offence under the Health Act 1956 s60 and that Act also empowers Medical Officers of Health to require local authorities to cease to supply water for domestic purposes from sources which are dangerous to health (s62). Ltd. (1994), 179 C.L.R. 1963). The High Court in the passage quoted and endorsed by the Court of Appeal (see para 31 above) said that in the circumstances it was unable to conclude that it was or should have been reasonably foreseeable to Watercare, still less to Papakura, that water containing herbicides at a fraction of the concentration allowable for human consumption would cause damage to cherry tomatoes grown hydroponically or that they should have foreseen the most unlikely possibility that greater concentrations of herbicides might occur outside the samples obtained through their regular monitoring. Mr Casey's third challenge is to the Court of Appeal's conclusion that there was no evidence of the Hamiltons reliance on the skill and judgment of Papakura. They must prove that they had made known to Papakura their intention to use the water for covered crop cultivation 'so as to show that they relied on Papakura's skill or judgment. The plants were particularly sensitive to such chemicals. VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. CA held that the defendant was physically incapable of taking care and was NOT responsible. Hamilton v. Papakura District Council et al. Thus , the defendant was not held liable for the damage . 27. )(.65)^x(.35)^{5-x}}{(x ! In the course of doing so, the Court of Appeal indicated that the question of reliance was ultimately one of fact (Medway Oil and Storage Co Ltd v Silica Gel Corporation (1928) 33 Com Cas 195, 196 per Lord Sumner). In our view that was a significant omission. Given the position their Lordships adopt on the question of reliance, they do not have to take this matter any further, except to note that in para [49] of its judgment (set out in para 11 above) the Court of Appeal did in fact find that Papakura had knowledge of the particular use. 2. It is convenient to recall the requirements of s16(a) of the Sale of Goods Act and to relate them to the present facts: 16. Factors to be taken into account by a reasonable person, to determine if there has been a breach: It may be the subject of written memoranda, which should be filed in accordance with a timetable to be laid down by the Registrar. A second, distinct reason is provided by the requirement of foreseeability. As requested by Mr Casey (in the event of the appeal failing), the question of costs is reserved. Blind plaintiff fell into unguarded trench. The statutory requirement goes a step further. Rather, the common law requirement is that the damage be a foreseeable consequence. Must ask whether a doctor has acted as a reasonable doctor would. Gravity of risk - special risk to plaintiff should be taken into account if the defendant KNOWS about it. 49]. The mere fact that certain herbicides may kill or damage certain plants at certain concentrations does not itself establish such a risk. Open web Background Video encyclopedia About us | Privacy Home Flashback 18. Kendall (Henry) & Sons (A Firm) v. Lillico (William) & Sons Ltd., [1969] 2 A.C. 31 (H.L. Nor did he attempt to suggest that the test was different from the test in negligence. Watercare in its statement of defence responded that the bulk water which it supplied to Papakura was potable and complied with the 1995 Standards. So no question of reliance ever arose. Failure by doctor to provide cream to protect against dermatitis was NOT negligent, because of differing medical opinions of the effectiveness of the cream. On this basis they held that Matthews had relied on Bullocks skill and judgment in the critical respect, namely, to supply sawdust which was not contaminated with a toxic substance harmful to plants. According to the Earth Policy Institute (July 2014), 65%65 \%65% of the world's solar energy cells are manufactured in China. The House of Lords held that this use was a particular purpose in terms of section 14(1). In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada in Munshaw Colour Service Ltd v City of Vancouver (1962) 33 DLR (2d) 719,727, supported by the evidence of the general manager of Manukau Water (a neighbouring district). 19. 3 H.L. 64]. Mr and Mrs Hamilton, the appellants, claim that their cherry tomato crops were damaged in 1995 by hormone herbicides which were present in their town water supply. and the rule in Rylands v Fletcher continue to be applicable. Its objective, it says, is to provide water fit for human consumption in accordance with the Drinking Water Standards. But, as the Court of Appeal said, Lord Diplock is considering a situation distinct from the present one. Negligence - Duty of care - General principles - Scope of duty - [See Torts - Topic 60 63]. The Court of Appeal, citing Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill Ltd [1972] AC 441, stated that [it] is, of course, clear that if the reliance of the Hamiltons was communicated to [Papakura] it would not be open to it to deny liability on the ground of ignorance of the precise level of contamination at which the damage would be caused . Lewis v. Lower Hutt (City), [1965] N.Z.L.R. Explore contextually related video stories in a new eye-catching way. The Hamiltons contended that the water had been contaminated by the herbicide triclopyr which was a component of a weed spray marketed under the name Grazon. In essence, the purpose must be sufficiently particular to enable the seller to use his skill and judgment in making or selecting the appropriate goods: Hardwick Game Farm [1969] 2 AC 31, 80C per Lord Reid. 6 In the footnotes: Tort 3 :Negligence: duty of care and breach o, Torts - Negligence (Prima Facie Case), Duty o, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, Calculus for Business, Economics, Life Sciences and Social Sciences, Karl E. Byleen, Michael R. Ziegler, Michae Ziegler, Raymond A. Barnett, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene. This article is within the scope of WikiProject New Zealand, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of New Zealand and New Zealand-related topics on Wikipedia. Of hamilton v papakura district council Appeal Court of Appeal says, is to provide you with a better browsing.... Potable water year old threw a metal dart, and in statute Health... 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